C
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cardiac
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cardiovascular System
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Caudal
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Causalgia
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Central Canal
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Central Nervous System
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Central Pain
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Central Sleep Apnoea
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cephalad
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cephalgia
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cerebellar Tonsils
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cerebellum
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cervical
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cervicomedullary Syndrome
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari 0
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari I
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari II
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari 1.5
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari III
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari IV
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chiari Malformation
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chronic
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Chronic Fatigue
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Circulatory System
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cisterna Magna
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
CINE MRI
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Clivio-axial angle
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Clivus
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Complete Spinal Cord Injury
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Complex Chiari
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Complex Sleep Apnoea
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Condyles
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Connective Tissue
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
CPAP
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cranial Nerves
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Cranial Settling
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Craniocervical Junction
What's this item about? What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience's attention...
Medical Terminology
Acute
Abrupt onset, with a short duration.
Acute Pain
Pain that typically lasts less than 3-6 months. Relatively short pain experience, usually directly after an injury
Adrenal Gland
Found above each kidney the endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
Allodynia
Pain in response to something that should not cause pain. Like clothing or a light touch.
Amygdala
Part of the brain located deep in the temporal lobe. Has a primary role in memory, decision-making and emotional responses. Part of the limbic system.
Anaesthetics
Are drugs used to block/prevent pain, typically used in surgery and medical procedures. A wide variety of drugs are used to achieve this.
Anaesthetist
A medical professional specialising in administering anaesthetic techniques. Typically administration of general anaesthetics during an operation.
Analgesia
The absence of pain in response to something that is painful. (i.e. painkillers have an analgesic effect)
Analogus
Performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin. Usually in reference to synthetic or donor dura patch types.
Anaphylaxis
A very severe allergic reaction that can close off the airway and lead to death if untreated.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
A type of arthritis where there is long-term inflammation of the joints in the spine.
Anterior
Anatomical Orientation: To the front of something, the front of the body.
Apnoea
Temporary cessation of breathing (e.g. Sleep Apnoea)
Arachnoid Mater
The arachnoid mater is the middle of three layers that make up the lining of the spinal cord and brain
A disorder where the parts of the cerebellum called "cerebellar tonsils" herniate outside of the skull into the spinal canal. Also called Chiari, some people reserve "Arnold Chiari" to refer to Chiari Type 2.
Arteries
Muscular-walled tubed that are part of the circulatory system where oxygenated blood goes from the heart to the body.
Aspiration
When fluids, liquids, vomit and/or saliva is inhaled into the airways.
Asymptomatic
When no symptoms are present.
ASV - AdaotiveServo Ventilation
A piece of medical technology used in types of sleep apnoea such as central sleep apnoea or Cheyne Stokes. Has a different pressure when breathing in and out that adapts with each breath.
Ataxia
A neurological sign with the lack of voluntary coordination of movements, gait abnormality, Frequently caused by dysfunction from the cerebellum.
Atlas
The atlas (C1) is the most superior cervical vertebrae. Named after Atlas of Greek Mythology, because it supports the globe of the head
Arachnoid Granulations
Also known as Pacchionian granulations, are projections (villi) of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allow the CSF entrance from the subarachnoid space into the venous system.
Atlanto-Axial Joint
Is a joint in the upper cervical spine between the first (C1) and second (C2) vertebrae. It is the pivot joint.
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
Is a synovial joint that consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
Atrium
Upper chambers of the heart where blood enters.
Atrophy
Wasting away, decrease in size or body part, tissue, cell.
Autologous
Tissue or cells obtained from the same individual. Most commonly used to refer to dura patches that are harvested from your own body.
Autonomic Nervous System
Control system that regulates unconscious actions like heart rate, digestion respiration rate, urination etc. Autonomic dysfunction can also be called Dysautonomia.
Axial View
Anatomical orientation. Axial view in MRI's is the view looking down the head to the toes.
Axis
The second cervical vertebrae (C2) of the spine. Part of the atlanto-axial joint, which allows rotation of the head. The most distinctive characteristics of the axis are the odontoid process called the dens.
Axon
A long slender projection of a nerve cell/Neuron that conducts electrical impulses aware from the nerve cell body.
A
B
Basal Ganglia
Group of nuclei in the brain associated with a variety of functions such as voluntary motor movement, procedural learning, routine behaviours, "habits" and emotion
Basilar Impression/Invagination
An abnormality of the craniocervical junction where the tip of the odontoid process projects above the foramen magnum into the skull area.
Basion
A radiological landmark in the skull. Used to measure the Basion-dens interval, basion-axial interval and McRae Line.
Basion Dens Interval (BDI)
The distance between the basion and tip of the dens. Used in the measurement of instability. Normal distance is <12mm
Benign
Does not have a harmful effect.
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
BiPAP/Bilevel
Machines used to treat more complex sleep apnoea issues. Has an inspiratory pressure and expiratory pressure (breathing in and out). That keeps the airways open and making it easier to inhale. Use in central sleep apnoea, complex sleep apnoea and severe cases of obstructive sleep apnoea not controlled by CPAP.
Blood Pressure
Is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is frequently measured vital sign. Blood pressure is made up of two number. The first being Systolic and the Second Being Diastolic. Normal blood pressure is between 90/60 and 120/80. With any blood pressure below these values called Hypotension and above Hypertension.
Blood Sugar
Is the measure of the amount of glucose in the blood. High levels of blood sugar are called Hyperglycemia and low levels Hypoglycemia.
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart, usually below 60bpm.
Brainstem
Posterior part of the brain adjoining to the spinal cord. Made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via cranial nerves. Can be compressed in Chiari and/or cervical instability. Has an important role in respiration, sleep cycles, cardiac function, consciousness.
Broca's Area
A region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually left). Linked to speech production
C
Cardiac
Pertaining to the heart, and vessels.
Cardiovascular System
Also called the circulatory system or vascular system. An organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients to and from the cells in the body.
Carotid
The two main arteries which carry blood to the head and neck
Cataplexy
Sudden and transient episodes of muscle weakness. Usually triggered by strong emotions. Seen in some people with Narcolepsy.
Cauda Equina
Bundle of spinal nerves and nerve rootlets and finishes above the conus medullaris.
Caudal
At or near the posterior or tail end of the body
Causalgia
Severe burning pain in a limb/s caused by injury to the peripheral nerve.
Central Canal
Also called the ependymal canal. It is a cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs the length of the entire spinal cord from the ventricular space. Transports nutrients to the spinal cord and cushions against force.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Central Pain Syndrome
A neurological condition caused by damage to dysfunction of the central nervous system.
Central Sleep Apnoea
A condition where respiration ceases during sleep for at least 10 seconds. Caused usually by lack of signal from the brain to breathe. Commonly associated with Chiari malformation when brainstem compression is present.
Cephalad
Towards the head or anterior of the body
Cephalgia
A headache: Pain in the head can be caused by dilation of cerebral arteries, blockage of cerebrospinal fluid or muscle contractions or drugs.
Cerebellar Ectopia
The herniation of the cerebellar tonsils outside of the skull into the spinal canal.
Cerebellar Hemisphere
The two hemispheres that make up the cerebellum on either side of the vermis. They are functionally subdivided into lateral and medial portions
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Reduced volume of the cerebellum.
Cerebellar Peduncles
Connect the cerebellum to the brainstem. There are 6 peduncles with 3 on each side. The superior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the midbrain. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the pons. And finally the inferior cerebellar peduncles to the medulla oblongata.
Cerebellar Ptosis
Also called cerebellar slumping, a complication from the Chiari decompression surgery when too much bone is removed and the cerebellum slumps down due to lack of support.
Cerebellar Tonsils
Rounded lobule on the underside of each cerebellar hemisphere. When herniated out of the skull is called cerebellar ectopia or Chiari Malformation.
Cerebral Arteries
The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is one of a pair of arteries on the brain that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes.
Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness
Cerebrocerebellum
Lateral parts of the cerebellum hemispheres involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action.
Cervicogenic Headache
A type of headache with referred from the cervical spine or soft tissues within the neck.
Cerebellum
The lower part of the brain under the cerebrum. Also known as the "little brain" or hindbrain. Has an important role in motor control, and has been considered (but not established) to have a role in cognitive functions such as attention, language, fear and pleasure. Disorders of the cerebellum produce issues with fine movement, equilibrium, posture and motor learning. It is made up of three lobes from top to bottom: the anterior lobe, posterior lobe and flocculonodular lobe. It is also made up of three layers: the Granular layer, Purkinje Layer and the molecular layer.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Is a clear, colourless fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. it is produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Leak
When the fluid contained within the spinal cord escapes through a tear or hole in the dura.
Cerebrum
The cerebrum makes up the largest part of the brain and is made up of two cerebral hemispheres. Contains the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Sits above the brainstem and cerebellum.
Cervical Instability
The structural degeneration in the cervical (upper) region of the spine, which can lead to pain and impaired movement.
Cervicomedullary Junction
The junction between the base of the skull and brainstem and the cervical spine and spinal cord. Where the skull meets the spine.
Cervicomedullary Syndrome
A syndrome that occurs from ventral brainstem compression, Symptoms can include a Chiari-type headache, dysautonomia, syncope, delayed gastric emptying, neck pain, central or mixed sleep apnoea, facial pain or numbness, balance and coordination issues, muscle weakness, vision problems, reduced gag reflex, dysphagia, tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea and vomiting, paralysis, non-epileptic seizures, and neck pain.
Cheyne Stokes
The abnormal pattern of respiration that is marked by the cyclic increase and decrease in tidal volume.
Chiari 0
Not universally accepted, but defined as having classic Chiari-type symptoms, with little or no herniation. A controversial diagnosis
Chiari I
The most common type of the Chiari Malformations and what most people refer to when speaking of Chiari. Characterised by posterior fossa hypoplasia that causes a herniation of the cerebellar tonsils outside of the skull into the spinal canal. Some radiologist/neurosurgeons still require a minimum of 5mm herniation to be defined as Chiari Malformation.
Chiari 1.5
Another type not fully established in the medical field. Describes the herniation of cerebellar tonsils along with herniation of a portion of the brainstem (often obex of the medulla oblongata). Usually a larger cerebellar herniation >12cm. Is not associated with the myelomeningocele seen in Chiari II.
Chiari II
Sometimes referred to as Arnold Chiari Malformation where both the cerebellum, medulla and 4th ventricle herniate past the foramen magnum out of the skull. Usually associated with myelomeningocele.
Chiari III
An extremely rare type with low occipital and high cervical encephalocele where the cerebellum and/or brainstem herniates outside of the skull through a defect in the skull. Considered fatal either before or soon after birth.
Chiari IV
A very rare and fatal extreme cerebellar hypoplasia. Now considered an obsolete term.
Chiarian/s
Someone who has Chiari, a group of people with Chiari.
Chiari Malformations
A group of malformations involving cerebellum.
Choroid Plexus
Is a plexus of the cells that produce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It consists of modified ependymal cells.
Chronic
Something persisting for a long time or constantly occurring.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Also called Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. A medical condition characterised by long-term fatigue that limits the person's ability to carry out normal daily activities.
Chronic Pain
Pain that persists for at least 6 months or more. There are two type of chronic pain including nociceptive and neuropathic pain
CINE MRI
A specialised series used to observe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. The technician will attach a probe on your finger (oximeter) or electrodes on the chest to measure the heart rate. This is done as CSF moves with each beat of the heart. Multiple pictures are taken to create a "flipbook" to visualise the movement of the CSF.
Cingulate Cortex
The middle part of the brain.
Circulatory System
Also known as the cardiovascular or vascular system. Is an organ system the permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients throughout the body.
Cisterna Magna
Or cerebellomedullary cistern. Is one of the three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers. Is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid that is produced in the fourth ventricle drains in this area.
Climbing Fibres
Name given to a series of neuronal projections that pass through the pons and enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
Clivio-axial angle
An angle used in radiology to show the angle of kinking in the brainstem. A line is made along the posterior side of the lower clivus and intersecting with a line drawn from the posterior side of the axis. A normal clivio-axial angle is between 150-165°.
Clivus
Is a bony part of the cranium at the skull base.
Coccyx
The triangular arrangement of bone that makes up the very bottom portion of the spine below the sacrum. It represents a vestigial tail, hence the common term tailbone.
Collagen
The main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues.
Communicating Syringomyelia
Typically communicates through the obex located in the caudal portion of the fourth ventricle. Communicating Syringomyelia is typically associated with Chiari Malformation. A communicating Syringomyelia can convert to a non-communicating one.
Complete Spinal Cord Injury
When no motor or sensory function is found below the level of the injury on the spine.
Is when the cerebellar herniation is combined with one or more of the following: brainstem herniation, medullary kink, retroflexed odontoid, abnormal clival-cervical angle, occipitalization of the atlas, basilar invagination, syringomyelia or scoliosis. This group of chiarians have a higher chance of needing a higher amount of operative interventions. Including odontoid resection and craniocervical fusions.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Also known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) a pain disorder which includes swelling, limited range of movement, changes to skin and bones. CRPS I does not have evidence of peripheral nerve injury. CRPS II is related to a specific nerve injury. The pain and dysfunction persist long after the initial injury/damage. Is felt to be the altered perception of the central nervous system.
Complex Sleep Apnoea
The development of central apnoeas when using CPAP.
Computed Tomography (CT)
A medical scan that uses x-rays and digital computer technology to create detailed two- or three-dimensional images of the body. Uses radiation as part of the process.
Congenital
A disease of abnormality present from birth
Condyles
A round prominence at the end of the bone.
Connective Tissue
Tissues that supports, connects, binds or separates other tissues or organs. Common connective tissue disorders include Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan's Syndrome.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
A form of positive airway pressure ventilator that splints the airway open on a continuous basis through air pushed down the airway. It is used in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea.
Conus medullaris
Is the tapered lower end of the spinal cord. It terminates around L1 and L2, or lower in tethered cord syndromes.
Corpus Callosum
The bridge between the right and left hemispheres of the brain that allows information to pass between the two.
Cranial Nerves
Nerves that emerge from the brain and brainstem (compared to spinal nerves). There are 12 nerves that relay information between the brain and parts of the body. Chiari can impact IX, V, VIII, X.
I - Olfactory Nerve (smell)
II - Optic Nerve (visual information)
III - Oculomotor Nerve (eye movement)
IV - Trochlear Nerve (eye movement)
V - Trigeminal Nerve (sensation to the skin of the face and mastication/chewing)
VI - Abducens Nerve (eye movement)
VII - Facial Nerve (Facial expression)
VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve (hearing and balance)
IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (oral, taste and salivation)
X - Vagus Nerve (swallowing difficulties, blood pressure, heart rate)
XI - Accessory Nerve (shoulder elevation and head turning)
XII - Hypoglossal Nerve (tongue movement)
Cranial Settling
Occurs when odontoid process protrudes into the foramen magnum from the skull sinking down.
Craniectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull. A common part of the Chiari Decompression Surgery.
Craniocervical Junction
An area that includes the occipital bone, foramen magnum or first two cervical vertebrae.
Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities
Either congenital or acquired abnormalities of the occipital bone, foramen magnum or first two cervical vertebrae that decrease the space for the lower brainstem and cervical cord. This includes: basilar invagination, atlantoaxial subluxation, Klippel-feil malformation, platybasia and fusion of the atlas (C1)
Cranium
The skull, a bony structure that holds the brain.
D
Decompression Surgery
A surgery that removes or repositions a structure that is compressing another structure.
Decompressive Occipital Craniectomy
A common part of the Chiari decompression surgery where the occipital bone around the foramen magnum is shaved back to take pressure off the cerebellar tonsils.
Dens
Also known as the odontoid process or odontoid peg and is part of the second cervical vertebrae (C2)
Diastolic Pressure
The second number of blood pressure that measures the pressure on the blood vessels between heartbeats
Dislocate
To disturb the normal position of (a bone in a joint)
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter that controls the brain's reward and pleasure centres.
Dorsal
Anatomical orientation term meaning to the back (think of the dorsal fin on sharks)
Dura Mater
A thick membrane made up of connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three membranes layers called the meninges.
Dural Patch
A patch used as part of the duraplasty used to close the incision made. Can be made of autologous material like pericranium or fascia lata, an analogous material like bovine pericardium or cadaveric dura or a synthetic material like Gore-tex, DuraGen or Alloderm. Autologous Pericranium and bovine pericardium and the most frequently used patch type.
Dural Scoring
A surgical technique where the dura is left intact but small incisions are made to help increase the size of the dura.
Dural Venus Sinuses
Also called the dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses. They are venous channels found between the layers of dura mater in the brain.
Duraplasty
A surgical technique where the dura around the cerebellar tonsils is cut open and a patch is sewen in to expand the dural surface. Frequently used as part of the overall "Chiari surgery"
Dysautonomia
A condition of autonomic dysfunction where the autonomic nervous system does not work properly. The most common form of Dysautonomia is postural orthostatic tachycardia (POTS).
Dysesthesia
Unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch. Sensations such as burning, wetness, itching, electrical
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Ectopia
The displacement or malposition of an organ. Cerebellar ectopia is the displacement of the cerebellar tonsils.
Ehlers-Danlos
A group of inherited connective tissue disorders that mostly affect the skin, joints and blood vessels. There are 13 subtypes of EDS including hypermobile, vascular, classical, kyphoscoliosis, arthrochalasia, dermatosparaxis brittle cornea syndrome, classical-like, spondylodysplastic, musculocontractural, myopathic, periodontal, cardiac-valvular type. EDS can affect the joints skin and blood vessels. 13% of people with Chiari also have EDS. (mainly hypermobile type)
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Recording of the electrical activity of the heart
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrophysiological monitoring of brain activity
Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS)
ESS is where the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, filling the sella turcica with CSF. This can be seen in people with high intracranial pressure. It rarely causes symptoms of concern.
Encephalocele
Neural tube defect with a sac-like protrusion of the brain and the membranes through openings in the skull.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands
Ependymal Canal
See Central Canal
Ependymal Cells
Type of glial cell that lines the ventricles in the brain and central canal.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.
Equilibrium
A state of balance.
Expiratory
Exhalation (breathing out) of air from the lungs
Extension
The movement by which two ends of any joint are drawn away from each other. Extension of the neck would be performed by looking up
E
F
Facia
A band of connective tissue beneath the skin
Facia Lata
The deep fascia of the thigh that encloses the thigh muscles
Fatigue
A subjective feeling of tiredness. Can be mental or physical. Different from sleepiness.
Fibromyalgia
A chronic condition that causes widespread pain in the muscles and bones with heightened pain response to pressure. Other symptoms include tiredness, sleep problems and memory issues.
Filum Terminale
A delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris.
Flexion
A bending movement around a join that decreases the angle between the bones. Neck flexion = looking down to the ground with chin to the chest
Flocculus
A small egg-shaped lobe on the undersurface of the cerebellum.
Flocculonodular Lobe
A lobe of the cerebellum that uses information about the movement of the head to influence eye movement.
Folium
A thin leaf life structure in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is made up of a very tightly folded layer of grey matter and each ridge or gyrus is called a folium.
Foramen Magnum
Large oval opening at the base of the skull (occipital bone) that allows the spinal cord to pass through and connect with the brainstem.
Foramen of Monro
The channels that connect the lateral ventricles.
Fourth Ventricle
Is one of the four interconnected ventricles within the brain that makes up the ventricular system. It is located within pons.
Frontal Lobe
The front most part of the brain. Controls important cognitive skills such as emotional expression, problems solving, memory, language, judgement and sexual behaviours. It is the "control panel" of our personality.
Fusion
A surgical procedure that unites two or more bones to reduce movement. Cranio-cervical fusion is the fusion of the skull to the spine.
G
Gastrointestinal
Relating to the stomach and intestines.
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux (GORD/GERD)
Also known as Heartburn. A condition where stomach acid flows up into the Oesophagus.
Gastroparesis
A condition impacting the muscles in the stomach causing the stomaches motility to slow or stop.
General Anaesthetics
The compounds used that induce a reversible loss of consciousness and blocking pain. Used in surgeries.
Genetic Disorder
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by a change, or mutation, in an individual's DNA sequence.
Glial Cells
The most abundant type of cell in the central nervous system.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The ninth cranial nerve. innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle and provides sensory innervation to the oropharynx and back of the tongue. Controls oral sensation, taste and salivation.
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
A disorder of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9th Cranial Nerve). Causing intense pain on one side of the throat, near the tonsils.
Glucose
As a simple sugar and circulates in humans as blood sugar. High levels of blood sugar are called Hyperglycemia and low levels Hypoglycemia
Grabb-Oakes Measurement
An MRI measurement used to determine how much a retroflexed odontoid is compressing the brainstem. A measurement over 9mm denotes brainstem compression.
Graft
Healthy skin, bone, kidney, liver, or other tissue that is taken from one part of the body to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. Grafts such as peri-cranium and fascia lata can be used to dura patches.
Granula Cells
Type of cell ground within the granular layer of the cerebellum.
Granular Layer
The innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex.
Gyrus
Ridges on the brain.
H
Harris Measurement
Used to measure the translation between flexion and extension in dynamic imaging. The distance should not be more than 12mm between the basion and posterior axial line.
Hemispheres
Half of a spherically shaped organ. The brain has a right and left hemisphere.
Hereditary
Something that is genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring
Herniation
Abnormal protrusion of tissue through an opening
Hippocampus
A small part of the of the brain that is mainly associated with memory and the regulation of emotions.
Histamine
Involved in the inflammatory process. Associated with allergies and conditions like Mast Cell Activation Syndrome and Mastocytosis
Holocord
Holocord is when something involves the entire spinal cord from the cervicomedullary junction to the tip of the conus. This can sometimes be used to refer to a syrinx that takes up the entire length of the cord spinal cord e.g. holocord syrinx.
Hydrocephalus
A condition where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the ventricles due to a blockage. This causes the ventricles to enlarge and increases pressure within the skull.
Hydromyelia
Abnormal widening of the central canal in the spine that creates a cavity where (CSF) accumulates.
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high level of blood glucose (blood sugar) in the blood, Usually associated with Type 2 Diabetes.
Hypermobility
An increased level of flexibility, conditions like Ehlers-Danlos frequently have a level of joint hypermobility. People with hypermobile joints are sometimes called "double-jointed"
The most common type of Ehlers-Danlos where a defect in the collagen causes hypermobile joints that frequently and easily dislocate or subluxations. It can also feature smooth skin, chronic musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal issues, autonomic dysfunction, and cardiovascular abnormalities. 13% of people with Chiari also have hEDS, which may complicate the standard decompression and result in further surgical actions like a fusion to stabilise the neck.
A group of conditions related to joint hypermobility. Can have significant health problems, but does not meet the criteria for Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos (hEDS).
Hyperplasia
An enlargement of an organ or tissue by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells.
Hypersomnia
Excessive sleepiness, where people struggle to stay awake during the day and can sleep for several hours.
Hypersthesia
Excessive physical sensitivity. This can be in any of your senses such as small, touch etc.
Hypertension
Also known as high blood pressure. Is a medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure is classified when blood pressure is 140/90 or higher.
Hypoesthesia
Reduced sense of touch or sensation.
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) in the blood, Usually associated with Type 2 Diabetes.
Hypoplasia
An underdevelopment or incomplete formation or a tissue or organ.
Hypopnoea
Low or shallow breathing during sleep that either causes oxygen levels to decrease temporarily or wake the person partially from sleep. Obstructive hypopnoeas are a result of the airway being partially obstructed.
Hypothalamus
A small crucial part of the brain located below the thalamus that is responsible for the regulation of certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system.
Hypotension
Also known as low blood pressure. Is a medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently low. Low blood pressure is classified when blood pressure is 90/60 or lower.
I
Ibuprofen
A type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Used to treat fever, inflammation and pain.
Idiopathic
A disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which there is no known cause for the issue.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
A disorder characterised by high levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure in the skull, where the cause is unknown. Can result in a headache and impact the nerves in the eyes causing blindness. Also known as benign intracranial hypertension or pseudotumour cerebri.
Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury
A spinal cord injury where some feeling and/or movement is still evident below the injury in the cord
Inferior
An anatomical orientation referring to an area below or toward the feet
Innervation
The arrangement or supply of nerves to an organ or body part.
Inspiration
Breathing in, Inhalation.
Instability
Something that lacks stability, frequently referring to joint instability where the joint subluxates or dislocates during normal activity. Frequently seen in the joints of people with Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos.
Intracranial Hypertension
A general term for a range of disorders where the cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the skull is too high.
Intracranial Hypotension
Low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull.
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Is the pressure inside the skull, brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal ICP levels range from 7-15mmHg/cmH20. Pressure can be measured by a Lumbar puncture (LP).
Intrathecal Pump Implant
A drug delivery system where medication is held in the pump and is delivered to the intrathecal space. Can be used for pain management.
Intrathecal Space
The space surrounding the spinal cord where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows. Also called the subarachnoid space.
Intubation
A medical procedure where a tube is inserted. Most common is tracheal intubation used in surgery to maintain an open airway and facilitate ventilation.
J
K
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
A disorder with the abnormal fusion of two or more cervical vertebrae.
Kyphosis
The abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine that can occur in the cervical, thoracic and sacral regions.
L
Lamina
Plates of bone. See: vertebral laminae.
Laminectomy
A surgical operation that removes the back part of the vertebrae. Usually to access the spinal cord and/or remove compression on the cord.
Lateral
Anatomical Orientation. The side of the body or a body part that is farther from the centre of the body.
Lateral Ventricles
Are the two largest cavities of the ventricular system, in the brain. Each hemisphere for the brain contains a lateral ventricle (right and left ventricles).
Limbic System
Parts of the brain that include the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. It deals with three key functions in the brain including memories, arousal (stimulation) and emotions.
Local Anaesthetic
Substances that cause the reversible absence of pain-sensation.
Lumbar
The lower part of the spinal cord. Made up of 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) between the rib cage and pelvis.
Lumbar–Peritoneal Shunt
A device that channelise the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lumbar thecal sac into the peritoneal cavity. Used to treat syringomyelia and in some cases of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.
Lumbar Puncture (LP)
A medical procedure that inserts a hollow needle into the spinal canal. Usually for the purposes of taking a sample of the spinal fluid or measuring the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
M
A medical imaging technique using strong magnets and radiofrequency pulses to generate signals in the body that are processed through a computer to create images within the body. There are several scans available in the MRI that emphasise different internal parts. Used to see images of the central nervous system and a wide range or other organs and systems.
Maintenance of Wakefulness Test
A test to measure alertness where a patient will sit sedately in a quiet, dark room and try to stay awake. They will be given 5 of these tests over the day with each test lasting for a period of 40 minutes or if the patient falls asleep.
Marfan's Syndrome
A genetic disorder of the connective tissue disorder. People with Marfan's tend to be tall, thin with long limbs and flexible joints. The frequently have serious cardiac complications such as mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm. May appear similar to Ehlers-Danlos, with genetic testing used to diagnose.
Mast Cell
A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune and neuroimmune system containing granules rich in histamine and heparin. Best known for their role in allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome/MCAS
One type of mast cell activation disorder (MCAD). Is an immunological condition where mast cells inappropriately and excessively release chemical mediators cause symptoms like hives, rashes, anaphylaxis, wheezing, gastrointestinal symptoms etc. One of the cluster illnesses seen with people who have both Chiari and Ehlers-Danlos
Mastocytosis
A rare Mast Cell Disorder caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells
McRae Line
A radiological line that is drawn between the basion and opisthion. If the tip of the dens migrates above this line this indicates basilar invagination.
Medial
Anatomical Orientation. Pertaining to the middle; nearer to the middle of the body,
Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the brainstem, responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions like heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
Medullary Kinking
The displacement of the brainstem usually caused by issues like a retroflexed odontoid.
Melatonin
Is a hormone that is made by the pineal gland in the brain, that regulates the natural sleep/wake cycle.
Meninges
The membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Made up of three layers including the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Meningitis
The acute inflammation of the protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges). Symptoms can include fever, headache and neck stiffness.
Meningocele
A protrusion of the membranes that cover the spine and part of the spinal cord through a bone defect in the vertebral column.
Metabolic Disorders
A metabolic disorder occurs when the metabolism process fails. There are a range of metabolic disorders that also have a variety of symptoms.
Metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Can impact how food and drugs are processed.
Metopic
An anatomical term relating to the forehead: frontal.
Midbrain/Mesencephalon
The upper part of the brainstem associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature regulation
Midsagittal Plane
A vertical plane through the midline (middle) of the body; that divides the body into its left and right halves. Midsagittal views the most commonly used in view in MRI's for diagnosing Chiari, Syringomyelia and Cervical Instability Issues.
Migraine
Migraines are headaches that are typically one-sided and throbbing. Frequently associated with nausea and vomiting. As well as sensitivity to light, sound and even some smells. It is usually caused by changes in the brains blood vessels from stress, poor posture, smells, food/drinks etc. Migraines are not caused by Chiari and are different from Chiari Headaches.
Mitral Valve
A valve that lets blood flow from one chamber of the heart, the left atrium, to another called the left ventricle.
Mixed Sleep Apnoea
Sleep apnoea that has both a central and obstructive component present,
Mossy Fibre
Mossy fibres are one of the major inputs to the cerebellum.
Is a demyelinating disease where the insulating cover (myelin) on the nerve cells is damaged. This disrupts the ability of the nervous system to communicate. Several symptoms mimic Chiari symptoms.
Multiple Sleep Latency Test
A test that consists of 4-5 nap periods where people are asked to close their eyes and try and see if they fall asleep. Each nap period will last a minimum of 20minutes (the average time one takes to fall asleep) and can last up to 35minutes. Falling asleep during these test periods or entering dreaming (REM) sleep can be a sign of narcolepsy and/or hypersomnia
Also known as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. A complex disorder with the hallmark system of excessive fatigue that impacts daily living and isn't improved with rest.
Myelin
Lipid-rich substance that surrounds the axon forming electrical insulating layers
Myelomeningocoele
A defect of the backbone (spine) and spinal cord, also known as Spina Bifida. Due to the defect, the small sac that may contain parts of the spinal cord and nerves (meningocele) may herniate through.
Myelopathy
A broad term referring to spinal cord dysfunction of any cause
N
Narcolepsy
A neurological disorder that impacts the regulation of sleep and wake. People with narcolepsy have the inappropriate intrusion of REM (dreaming sleep). People will experience excessive daytime sleepiness at random times. They also may suffer from symptoms such as cataplexy. Diagnosis requires an overnight polysomnography (sleep test) test followed by a Multiple Sleep Latency Test.
Narcotic
Analgesic medications such as morphine, and codeine used as a strong pain-killer.
Nerve Block
Injection of an anaesthetic used for pain treatment and management.
Neurological
Diseases and disorders of the brain, spine and the nerves that connect them.
Neuron
Also known as nerve cells. Neurons is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals
Neurosurgery
A medical speciality that deals with the surgical treatment of any portion of the nervous system. Such as the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Neurosurgeon
A medical doctor who specialises in the surgical treatment of the nervous system.
Neurologist
A specialised medical doctor who works with diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.
Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system. Neuropathic pain may be associated with abnormal sensations called dysesthesia or allodynia.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers in the body that enable neurotransmission
Nocebo
Causes a detrimental effect on health produced opposite of placebo.
Nociceptive Pain
Nociceptive pain is the most common type of pain people experience.
It develops when the nociceptive nerve fibres are triggered by the stimulation of the nerve cells.
Different from neuropathic pain.
Non-communicating Syringomyelia
A syrinx without communication with the fourth ventricle and is usually secondary to trauma and tumors of the spinal cord and some hindbrain malformations. Some non-communicating syrinx can start as communicating syringomyelia.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)
Class of drug used to reduce inflammation, pain, prevent blood clots, and decrease fever.
NREM Sleep
Non-REM (NREM) sleep is the dreamless sleep experienced through the majority of the night. It collectively refers to stages 1-3 of sleep.
Nuclei/Nucleus
is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
Nystagmus
A medical issue where eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements. These involuntary eye movements can be side to side, up and down, or in a circular pattern. This can result in reduced vision and depth perception and affect balance and coordination.
O
Obex
The thin triangular lamina of gray matter in the roof of the fourth ventricle of the brain
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)
A form of sleep apnoea where there are repetitive pauses in breathing in sleep. Due to the airways being partially or fully collapsed. Usually resulting in awakening from sleep, dropping oxygen levels and putting pressure on the cardiovascular system. Usually treated with CPAP.
Occipital
The area at the back of the head. Contains the occipital bone and occipital lobe of the brain.
Occipital Bone
The bone which forms the back and base of the skull and encircles the spinal cord.
Occipital Condyle
Protuberances of the occipital bone.
Occipital Lobe
A lobe in the cerebrum that is the visual processing centre of the brain. Located at the back of the brain
Occipital Neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia is a condition in which the nerves that run from the top of the spinal cord up through the scalp, called the occipital nerves, are inflamed or injured. You might feel pain in the back of your head or the base of your skull.
Occipito-atlanto-axial Joint
See: Atlanto-occipital joint
Occiput
The back of the head.
Occult
Hidden. Occult Tethered Cord can't be seen on the MRI compared to the standard tethered cord.
Occult Tethered Cord
A neurological disorder that relates to malformations of the spinal cord. Can not be seen on radiological images. Usually associated with tight of fatty filum terminale. Seen more so in people with Ehlers-Danlos.
Odontoid Process
A projection from the second cervical vertebra (axis) on which the first (atlas) can pivot
Odontoidectomy
The transoral surgical removal of the odontoid.
Oesophagus
A long, muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Opioid
A substance that acts on opioid receptors to produce an analgesic effect. Use in moderate to severe pain conditions.
Opisthion
The midpoint on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and is a landmark in the skull.
Oropharynx
The middle part of the throat that includes the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate, and the walls of the pharynx.
Orthostatic
Relating to or caused by an upright posture.
Oximeter
A medical device that monitors a person's oxygen saturation in a non-invasive way. Usually, a clip put on the finger or ear. Also called pulse oximeter.
Pannus
An abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue.
Papilloedema
Swelling of the optic disc usually caused by increased intracranial hypertension. Can occur in one or both eyes.
Paralysis
A loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Can also result in loss of feeling in the area.
Parasympathetic
Relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system which balances the action of the sympathetic nerves. It consists of nerves arising from the brain and the lower end of the spinal cord and supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands.
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation (i.e. burning, numbness, prickling, itching) occurring in the body.
Parietal Lobe
One of the major lobes of the brain. Controls sensation,perception and integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system.
Pericardium
The membrane enclosing the heart.
Pericranium
The Periosteum (vascular connective tissue) enveloping the skull.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Pain, weakness, and/or numbness in areas like hands and feet.
Peripheral
Something on the outer or surface part.
Peripheral Nervous System
Is the second component of the nervous system. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body
Peritoneal
The peritoneum is a membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a space between the abdominal wall and internal organs. Vetriculo-peritoneal shunts drain cerebrospinal fluid into this space.
Phase Contrast MRI
A specific type of MRI used to determine flow velocities.
Pharynx
The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus.
Photophobia
A sensitivity to light which can sometimes be painful.
Physiotherapy
The treatment of disease and/or injury by physical methods such as heat, massage, and exercise.
Pia Mater
The delicate innermost layer of the meninges.
Pineal Gland
A small endocrine gland that produces melatonin.
Pituitary Gland
A tiny organ, found at the base of the brain known as the master gland to produce other hormones.
Placebo
A substance (sugar pill) or treatment that has no therapeutic effect. Used in research for comparing against new medication or treatments.
Platybasia
Abnormal flattening of the skull base.
Plexus
A network or tangle of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins.
Polydipsia
Extreme thirst.
Polysomnography
Also called a Sleep Study. Polysomnography "Many Sleep Graphs".
A medical study looking multiple physiological measures (heart rate, brain waves etc.) during sleep. A person who performs this test is a Polysomnographer
Pons
Is part of the brainstem, that lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum. The pons controls sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.
A form of syringomyelia that develops after a spinal cord injury (e.g. spinal injury from car accidents)
Postural
The posture or position of the body.
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia
A form of dysautonomia where the heart rate becomes tachycardic when the body is in upright position.
Posterior
At the back or towards the back.
Posterior Fossa
A small space in the skull near the brainstem and cerebellum.
Posterior Fossa Decompression
A surgical procedure performed to remove the bone at the back of the skull.
Posterior Lobe
The posterior lobe of cerebellum or neocerebellum, is the portion of the cerebellum below the primary fissure.
Pre-Syncope.
A state of lightheadedness, muscular weakness, blurred vision, and feeling faint
Proprioception
Is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.
Pseudomeningocele
An abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that communicates with the CSF space around the brain or spinal cord
Pseudo-Tumour Cerebri
The old name for Intracranial Hypertension. Previously named this way as the symptoms were similar to tumours, but in the absence of any a tumour.
Ptosis
Drooping, i.e. cerebellar ptosis
Purkinje Cells
A nerve cell of a large, branched type found in the cortex of the cerebellum.
Purkinje Layer
The third layer of the cerebellum, an intermediate discharge layer.
P
Q
R
Radiographer
Healthcare professionals who specialise in the imaging of human anatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology.
Radiography
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays to view the internal form of an object.
Radiologist
A medical doctor who specialises in diagnosing and treating disease and injury through the use of medical imaging techniques such as x-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Rapid-Eye Movement (REM)
A stage of sleep a kind of sleep that is characterised by rapid eye movements, dreaming and changes in pulse and breathing. Also called Dreaming Sleep.
Raynaud’s
A medical condition in which spasm in the arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow to the peripheral areas such as fingers, toes, etc.
Respiration
The movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
Retroflexed Odontoid (RO)
When the odontoid process is tilted backward. it result in compression of the brainstem.
Rostral
Anatomical orientation, situated or occurring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth.
S
The abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.
Seizures
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Sella Turnica
A depression in the sphenoid bone in the skull, containing the pituitary gland.
Serotonin
Is a neurotransmitter and is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness.
Shunt
A surgically implanted tubing that diverts and drains cerebrospinal fluid away. Ventriculo-peritoneal shunts, Lumbar-peritoneal shunts and other shunts can be used with intracranial hypertension and syringomyelia.
Sleep Apnoea
A condition where respiration is disturbed during sleep with cessation or reduction of breathing for at least 10 seconds. Sleep apnoea is diagnosed when this occurs at least 6 times an hour. It can result in disrupted sleep, reduction in oxygen levels and impacts the cardiovascular system. This can occur from either an obstruction of the airway (obstructive sleep apnoea) or a neurological issue where the brain doesn't send the correct signals to breathe (central sleep apnoea). One can have a mix of both (mixed sleep apnoea).
Sleepiness
A general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep. The feeling of needing to fall asleep.
Sleep Study
Formally known as a polysomnography study. A sleep study will measure several physiological measures including EEG, ECG, muscle movements, and respiration overnight.
Somatosensory
A sensation (such as pressure, pain, or warmth) which can occur anywhere in the body.
A neurological birth defect where there is an incomplete closure of the tissues and membranes around the spinal cord.
Spinal Column
See: Vertebral Column
Spinal Cord
A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
Spinal Cord Injury
Any damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary and/or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be complete injury, with a total loss of sensation and muscle function, or incomplete, meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord.
Spinal Nerves
A mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.
Spine
The spine is made up of small bones, called vertebrae, which are stacked on top of one another and create the natural curves of your back. These bones connect to create a canal that protects the spinal cord.
Spinocerebellum
Vermis and intermediate parts of the cerebellum hemispheres Which regulates body and limb movements. It receives proprioception input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and the trigeminal nerve, as well as from visual and auditory systems.
Spontaneous Venous Pulsations
Changes in the size of the veins in the eye. The absence of these can indicate elevated intracranial pressure
Stenosis
Narrowing or blockage of a body channel. Spinal stenosis occurs when the spinal cord becomes narrowed which can put pressure on the spinal cord.
Stent
A metal or plastic tube inserted into a passageway in the body to open a blocked passageway and restore flow of fluids.
Stridor
A high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow.
Styloid Process
A slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear.
Stylopharyngeus
A muscle in the head that stretches between the temporal styloid process and the pharynx.
Subarachnoid Space
The space underneath the arachnoid, but above the brain/spinal tissue, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Subluxation
A partial dislocation.
Suboccipital Craniectomy
The surgical removal of part of the skull at the base of the skull
Sulcus/Sulci
The grooves on the surface of the brain.
Superior
Anatomical Terminology. Refers to being above something.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which also includes the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system activates what is often termed the fight or flight response.
Synapse
Part of the nervous system. Is a structure that permits a neuron to pass electrical or chemical signals to another neuron.
Syncope
The temporary loss of consciousness, fainting.
Syringobulbia
A condition where fluid-filled cavities (syrinx) occur in the brainstem.
A condition where fluid-filled cysts (syrinx) form in the spinal cord.
A fluid-filled cavity/cyst that can be seen in the spine (syringomyelia) or brain stem (syringobulbia)
Systolic/Systole
In the heart when a ventricular contraction occurs. In a blood pressure, the systolic pressure is typically the first number recorded. The recommended systolic pressure is just under 120 mm Hg.
T
Tachycardia
Having a rapid heart rate that is above 100bpm (beats per minute)
Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex that involves hearing and selective listening.
Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ/TMD)
A disorder of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), which are two joints at the back of the lower jaw that connect it to the upper jaw and the skull.
A neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal column. These attachments cause an abnormal stretching of the spinal cord. This syndrome is closely associated with spina bifida.
Thalamus
A small structure within the brain located just above the brainstem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The main function is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.
Thecal Sac
Also called the dural sac is the membranous sheath or tube of dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and the cauda equina. The thecal sac contains the cerebrospinal fluid which provides nutrients and buoyancy to the spinal cord.
Thoracic
The middle part of the body, chest area. The thoracic spine has 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) and runs from the shoulder area to approx half way down the back.
Thyroid
A gland in the neck, near the base of the throat. Makes hormones that help control many of the body's metabolic processes, such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.
Tidal Volume
Is a measure of the amount of air a person inhales during a normal breath.
Tinitus
The ringing in the ears or head when there are no external sounds present. It is a symptom seen in several conditions and from damage to the ear. It can be constant or pulsing with each heartbeat.
Can refer to the two lymph nodes located at the back of your throat. Usually in relation to Chiari its the two small areas at the bottom of the cerebellum that can herniate out of the skull in conditions like Chiari.
Where the cerebellar tonsils extend outside of the skull through the foreman magnum. Length of herniation is measured from the bottom of the skull to the tip of the tonsils.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain.
U
V
Vagus Nerve
Is the tenth cranial nerve and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
Valsalva
A manoeuvre where one tries to forcibly exhale with their mouth and nose closed (e.g. the move done when unblocking ears).
Valsalva headaches are common in Chiari
Vascular
The vascular system (circulatory system) is made up of the vessels that carry blood and lymph through the bodies.
Veins
Tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart.
Ventilation
The movement of air between the environment and the lungs via inhalation and exhalation.
Ventral
Relating to the underside of something. Is a term used in anatomical locations
Ventricle
Is a cavity on a body-part or organ. The brain and the heart have prominent ventricular systems.
Ventricles - Heart
The two lower part of the heart that pumps blood away from the heart.
Ventricular System - Brain
Made up of four interconnected ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced here and flows around the ventricles.
Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP shunt)
A tube-like device that is inserted into the brain and tunnelled into the peritoneal space to drain fluid from the brain. Used in medical issues like Intracranial Hypertension and Hydrocephalus.
Venous System
Refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds.
Vermis
The cerebellar vermis is located in the middle of the cerebellum.
Vertebra
The small series of bones that make up the spine. These have a hose through which the spinal cord passes through.
Vertebral Column
Has 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar followed by the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae).
Vertebral Lamina
The plates of bone that form the posterior walls of each vertebra, enclosing the spinal cord. The part that is removed in a laminectomy.
Vertigo
The sensation of spinning while stationary.
Vestibular
The vestibular system includes parts of the inner ear and brain and helps to control balance and eye movements.
If there is damage to this system a vestibular disorder can result.
Vestibulocerebellum
Part of the Flocculonodular lobe The vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements.
Villi
Small, finger-like structures, usually seen in the small intestines that help absorption.
W
Wernicke's Area
A region of the brain, in the left temporal lobe, that is important for language development and is responsible for the comprehension of speech
X
X-Ray
A radiographic image that produces two-dimensional images using x-ray radiation.